4 mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0>4 (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0>
Table step 1.
Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH4, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl
Viewpoints is actually conveyed once the mean±SEM. Pee is obtained getting twenty-four hours in the six, several, and you may 18 wk to choose solute accounts once the described regarding the To the stage Procedures.
K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0>
Urine Supersaturation
K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0>
Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0>
Solution Levels
Solution levels of calcium and you may PTH failed to differ between K-cit–given and you may KCl-fed rats, when you're serum phosphate profile was ;provided mice ( Profile step 3 ).
K-cit decreased serum phosphate 
levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0>
Stone Formation
K-cit failed to change the number of rocks designed otherwise the quantity off calcification about kidneys ( Figure 4 ). Most of the mice shaped stones out-of equivalent size and you will density together with comparable quantities of calcification from inside the renal and collecting system.
Renal brick creation and you will calcification wasn't different inside the mice given KCl otherwise K-cit. At the conclusion of this new 18-week data, this new the quantity out-of renal rocks and you will calcification try influenced by about three observers given that discussed regarding the To the stage Actions. Extent away from kidney calcification was also determined once the revealed on To the level Tips. (A) Associate radiographs out-of kidneys regarding mice getting KCl or K-cit. Calcification ratings towards the images revealed are supplied just like the a reference. (B) Quantitation away from brick development and calcification in all rats acquiring KCl otherwise K-cit. Thinking are indicate±SEM.
Obvious rocks was in fact dissected away from affiliate kidneys out of both communities and you will analyzed for crystal morphology. This new diffraction models for everyone reviewed samples was basically congruent toward diffraction development regarding biologic apatite, a cap brick ( Contour 5 , top). That have the means to access signal electron microscopy (TEM), most of the renal stone deposits got a baton- otherwise needle-eg shape, just as the morphology of biologic apatite crystals ( Figure 5 , bottom) and you may in place of the fresh new octahedral crystal morphology out of CaOx.